Secondhand Smoke Exposure Linked to Depression

http://www.jointogether.org/news/research/summaries/2009/secondhand-smoke-exposure.html

Secondhand Smoke Exposure Linked to Depression
March 10, 2009

Nonsmokers who are exposed to secondhand smoke have twice the risk of major depression as individuals who are not exposed, according to researchers.

USA Today reported March 4 that research unveiled at a recentAmerican Psychosomatic Society meeting examined depression rates among nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke at work or home, verifying exposure by measuring blood levels of cotinine, a metabolite for nicotine.

Past research has found higher rates of depression among smokers than nonsmokers, and a previous Japanese study linked depression and secondhand-smoke exposure but did not verify self-reports of exposure with cotinine measurement.

The study was led by Frank Bandiera of the University of Miami School of Medicine, who said that secondhand smoke could raise dopamine levels in the brains of nonsmokers, triggering anxiety and depression.

National Inhalant Prevention Coalition (NIPC)

http://www.inhalants.org/damage.htm

DAMAGE INHALANTS CAN

DO TO THE BODY & BRAIN

A. BRAIN The chemicals abused by inhalant users affect different parts of the brain, producing a variety of sensory and psychological disorders. Many inhalants are thought to dissolve the protective myelin sheath that surrounds neurons - brain cells - resulting in cell death (see brain diagram). B. CEREBRAL CORTEX Cellular death here causes permanent personality changes, memory impairment, hallucinations and learning disabilities. C. CEREBELLUM This is the center that controls balance and coordination. Inhalant-related damage results in loss of coordination and slurred speech. Chronic abusers experience tremors and uncontrollable shaking. D. OPHTHALMIC NERVE Toluene may affect this nerve causing sight disorders. A. BLOOD Some substances like nitrites and methylene chloride (paint thinner) chemically block the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. B. LUNGS Repeated use of spray paint as an inhalant can cause lung damage. C. HEART Abuse of inhalants can result in "sudden sniffing death syndrome." This is due to a sudden and unexpected disturbance of the heart's rhythm. All inhalants can produce sudden sniffing death syndrome. D. LIVER Halogenated compounds like trichloroethylene (a component of aerosol paints and correction fluid) have been linked to damage of this organ. E. KIDNEY Inhalants containing toluene impair the kidney's ability to control the amount of acid in the blood. This is reversible when toluene leaves the body but, in the long-term, kidney stones may develop. A. MUSCLE Chronic inhalant abuse can lead to muscle wasting, reduced muscle tone and strength. B. BONE MARROW Benzene, a component of gasoline, has been shown to cause leukemia. ADDITIONAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY INHALANTS PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Chronic inhalation of nitrous oxide (whipped cream propellant) and hexane (found in some glues and camp stove fuels) results in damage to the peripheral nerves. Symptoms can include numbness, a tingling sensation or total paralysis. ACOUSTIC NERVE AND MUSCLE Toluene inhalation destroys cells that relay sound to the brain. Chronic abusers can become deaf.

Ethnic Disparities in Unmet Need for Alcoholism, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Care

http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/158/12/2027

Ethnic Disparities in Unmet Need for Alcoholism, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Care  Am J Psychiatry 158:2027-2032, December 2001

Kenneth Wells, M.D., M.P.H., Ruth Klap, Ph.D., Alan Koike, M.D., and Cathy Sherbourne, Ph.D.

Abstract

 
OBJECTIVE: Recent policy has focused on documenting and reducing ethnic disparities in availability and quality of health care.The authors examined differences by ethnic status in unmet need for alcoholism, drug abuse, and mental health treatment.METHOD: Data were from a follow-up survey of adult respondents to a 1996–1997 national survey. Non-Hispanic whites, African Americans, and Hispanics were compared in access to alcoholism and drug abuse treatment and mental health care (primary or specialty), unmet need for care, satisfaction with care, and use of active treatment for alcoholism, drug abuse, and mental health problems in the prior 12 months. RESULTS: A total of 31.9% of whites, 28.1% of African Americans, and 30.1% of Hispanicshad some alcoholism, drug abuse, and mental health care, mostly in primary care. Among those with perceived need, compared to whites, African Americans were more likely to have no access to alcoholism, drug abuse, or mental health care (25.4% versus 12.5%), and Hispanics were more likely to have less care than needed or delayed care (22.7% versus 10.7%). Among those with need, whites were more likely than Hispanics or African Americansto be receiving active alcoholism, drug abuse, or mental health treatment (37.6% versus 22.4%–25.0%). CONCLUSIONS: The authors document greater unmet need for alcoholism and drug abuse treatment and mental health care among African American and Hispanics relative to whites. New policies are needed to improve access to and quality of alcoholism, drug abuse, and mental health treatment across diverse populations.

Introduction

 
Reducing ethnic disparities in access to and quality of health care is a goal of recent federal initiatives (1–5). The Surgeon General’s report on minority mental health (6) emphasized the overall high levels of unmet need for mental health care nationally across diverse subpopulations. While major psychiatric disorders are common across major ethnic groups in the United States (7–10), rates of some disorders may differ across groups, e.g., major depression may be less prevalent among African Americans than among non-Hispanic whites (8).

Among those with similar need, there may be ethnic differences in access to or quality of care for psychiatric disorders. InsuredAfrican Americans and Hispanics may be less likely than whites to use outpatient mental health services, while African Americans in the public sector may be more likely than whites to use mental health services (10–14). Less acculturated Mexican Americans may have much lower rates of use of mental health care and substance abuse treatment, especially specialty care, than more acculturated groups (15). Young et al. (16) found that among U.S. adults with probable depressive or anxiety disorders, African Americans had lower rates of appropriate care than did whites. But prior studies have not compared ethnic groups on multiple domains of access to and quality of care for alcoholism, drug abuse, and mental health conditions.

In this study we compared adult non-Hispanic whites, African Americans, and Hispanics in access to and quality of care for alcoholism, drug abuse, and mental health conditions. The study group contained too few data regarding Asian American/Pacific Islanders and Native Americans for separate study. We evaluated care from a consumer perspective, which includes perceptions of unmet need, and from a clinical perspective, which evaluates use of active treatments for alcoholism, drug abuse, and mental health conditions rather than assessing numbers of visits only. We hypothesized that minorities would have more unmet need for alcoholism, drug abuse, and mental health treatment.

References

TOP Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion References

 

1. Williams DR, Collins C: Socioeconomic and racial differences in health. Annu Rev Sociol 1995; 21:349-386[CrossRef]
2. Ren XS, Amick BC: Racial and ethnic disparities in self-assessed health status: evidence from the National Survey of Families and Households. Ethnicity and Health 1996; 1:293-303[Medline]
3. Navarro V: Race or class versus race and class: mortality differentials in the US. Lancet 1990; 336:1238-1240[CrossRef][Medline]
4. Escarce JJ, Epstein KR, Colby DC, Schwartz JS: Racial differences in the elderly’s use of medical procedures and diagnostic tests. Am J Public Health 1993; 83:948-954[Abstract/Free Full Text]
5. Wenneker MB, Epstein AM: Racial inequities in the use of procedures for patients with ischemic heart disease in Massachusetts. JAMA 1989; 261:253-257[Abstract]
6. Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, Md, US Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Mental Health Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, 1999
7. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, Wittchen H-U, Kendler KS: Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:8-19[Abstract/Free Full Text]
8. Blazer DG, Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Swartz MS: The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: the National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:979-986[Abstract/Free Full Text]
9. Vega W, Kolody B, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alderete E, Catalano R, Caraveo-Anduaga J: Lifetime prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders among urban and rural Mexican Americans in California. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55:771-778[Abstract/Free Full Text]
10. Neighbors HW, Bashshur R, Price R, Donabedian A, Selig S, Shannon G: Ethnic minority health service delivery: a review of the literature. Res in Community Ment Health 1992; 1:55-71
11. Padgett DK, Patrick C, Burns BJ, Schlesinger HJ: Ethnicity and the use of outpatient mental health services in a national insured population. Am J Public Health 1994; 84:222-226[Abstract/Free Full Text]
12. Scheffler RM, Miller AB: Demand analysis of mental health service use among ethnic subpopulations. Inquiry 1989; 26:202-215[Medline]
13. Swartz MS, Wagner HR, Swanson JW, Burns BJ, George LK, Padgett DK: Administrative update: utilization of services, I: comparing use of public and private mental health services: the enduring barriers of race and age. Community Ment Health J 1998; 34:133-144[CrossRef][Medline]
14. Snowden LR, Thomas K: Medicaid and African American outpatient mental health treatment. Ment Health Serv Res 2000; 2:115-120[CrossRef][Medline]
15. Vega WA, Kolody B, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Catalano R: Gaps in service utilization by Mexican Americans with mental health problems. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:928-934[Abstract/Free Full Text]
16. Young AS, Klap R, Sherbourne CD, Wells KB: The quality of care for depressive and anxiety disorders in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58:55-61[Abstract/Free Full Text]
17. Kemper PA, Blumenthal D, Corrigan JM, Cunningham PJ, Felt SM, Grossman JM, Kohn LT, Metcalf CE, St Peter RF, Strouse RC, Ginsburg PB: The design of the Community Tracking Study: a longitudinal study of health system change and its effects on people. Inquiry 1996; 33:195-206[Medline]
18. Sturm R, Sherbourne CD: Are Barriers to Mental Health and Substance Abuse Care Still Rising? Los Angeles, UCLA/RAND Center on Managed Care, 1999
19. Sturm R, Gresenz CR, Sherbourne CV, Bhattarchaya J, Farley D, Young AS, Minnium K, Burnam MA, Wells KB: The design of Healthcare for Communities: a study of healthcare delivery for alcohol, drug abuse, and mental health conditions. Inquiry 1999; 36:221-233[Medline]
20. Kessler RC, Andrews G, Mroczek D, Ustun B, Wittchen H-U: The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Form (CIDI-SF). Int J Methods in Psychiatr Res 1998; 7:171-185
21. World Health Organization: Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), version 2.1. Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 1995
22. Ware JE, Kosinski M, Keller SF: A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med Care 1996; 34:220-233[CrossRef][Medline]
23. World Health Organization (WHO): The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): Guidelines for Use in Primary Care. Geneva, WHO, 1992.
24. Little RJA, Rubin DB: Statistical Analysis With Missing Data. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1987
25. Rubin DB: Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1987
26. Schafer JL: Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data. London, Chapman & Hall, 1997
27. SUDAAN: Software for the Statistical Analysis of Correlated Data, version 7.5. Cary, NC, Research Triangle Institute, 1997
28. Yates F, Grundy PM: Selection without replacement from within strata and probability proportional to size. J Royal Statistical Society Series B 1953; 15:253-261
29. Feller W: An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Application. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1968
30. Wells KB, Sherbourne C, Schoenbaum M, Duan N, Meredith LS, Unutzer J, Miranda J, Carney MF, Rubenstein LV: Impact of disseminating quality improvement programs for depression in managed primary care. JAMA 2000; 283:212-220[Abstract/Free Full Text]
31. Katon W, Robinson P, Von Korff M, Lin E, Bush T, Ludman E, Simon G, Walker E: A multifaceted intervention to improve treatment of depression in primary care. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53:924-932[Abstract/Free Full Text]
32. Katon W, Von Korff M, Lin E, Walker E, Simon GE, Bush T, Robinson P, Russo J: Collaborative management to achieve treatment guidelines: impact on depression in primary care. JAMA 1995; 273:1026-1031[Abstract]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				D. V. Jeste, E. W. Twamley, V. Cardenas, B. Lebowitz, and C. F. Reynolds III A Call for Training the Trainers: Focus on Mentoring to Enhance Diversity in Mental Health Research Am J Public Health, April 1, 2009; 99(S1): S31 - S37.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Olfson, D. K. Cherry, and R. Lewis-Fernandez Racial Differences in Visit Duration of Outpatient Psychiatric Visits Arch Gen Psychiatry, February 1, 2009; 66(2): 214 - 221.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Alegria, P. Chatterji, K. Wells, Z. Cao, C.-n. Chen, D. Takeuchi, J. Jackson, and X.-L. Meng Disparity in Depression Treatment Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations in the United States Psychiatr Serv, November 1, 2008; 59(11): 1264 - 1272.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. R. Elwy, G. Ranganathan, and S. V. Eisen Race-Ethnicity and Diagnosis as Predictors of Outpatient Service Use Among Treatment Initiators Psychiatr Serv, November 1, 2008; 59(11): 1285 - 1291.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. M. Keyes, M. L. Hatzenbuehler, P. Alberti, W. E. Narrow, B. F. Grant, and D. S. Hasin Service Utilization Differences for Axis I Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders Between White and Black Adults Psychiatr Serv, August 1, 2008; 59(8): 893 - 901.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. E. Shrout, M. Alegria, G. Canino, P. J. Guarnaccia, W. A. Vega, N. Duan, and Z. Cao Testing Language Effects in Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys with Randomized Experiments: Results from the National Latino and Asian American Study Am. J. Epidemiol., August 1, 2008; 168(3): 345 - 352.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. S. Bachman, C. Tobias, R. J. Master, J. Scavron, and K. Tierney A Managed Care Model for Latino Adults With Chronic Illness and Disability: Results of the Brightwood Health Center Intervention Journal of Disability Policy Studies, March 1, 2008; 18(4): 197 - 204.  [Abstract] [PDF]

				T. G. McGuire and J. Miranda New Evidence Regarding Racial And Ethnic Disparities In Mental Health: Policy Implications Health Aff., March 1, 2008; 27(2): 393 - 403.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. L. Cook, T. McGuire, and J. Miranda Measuring Trends in Mental Health Care Disparities, 2000 2004 Psychiatr Serv, December 1, 2007; 58(12): 1533 - 1540.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. P. Gilmer, V. D. Ojeda, D. P. Folsom, D. Fuentes, P. Garcia, and D. V. Jeste Initiation and Use of Public Mental Health Services by Persons With Severe Mental Illness and Limited English Proficiency Psychiatr Serv, December 1, 2007; 58(12): 1555 - 1562.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. D. Stein, J. N. Kogan, M. J. Sorbero, W. Thompson, and S. L. Hutchinson Predictors of Timely Follow-Up Care Among Medicaid-Enrolled Adults After Psychiatric Hospitalization Psychiatr Serv, December 1, 2007; 58(12): 1563 - 1569.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. J. Cabassa and M. C. Hansen A Systematic Review of Depression Treatments in Primary Care for Latino Adults Research on Social Work Practice, July 1, 2007; 17(4): 494 - 503.  [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. Lipsky and R. Caetano Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Unmet Need for Mental Health Care: Results From the NSDUH Psychiatr Serv, June 1, 2007; 58(6): 822 - 829.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. A. Vega, M. Karno, M. Alegria, J. Alvidrez, G. Bernal, M. Escamilla, J. Escobar, P. Guarnaccia, J. Jenkins, A. Kopelowicz, et al. Research Issues for Improving Treatment of U.S. Hispanics With Persistent Mental Disorders Psychiatr Serv, March 1, 2007; 58(3): 385 - 394.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. O'Connor and S. E. Whaley Brief Intervention for Alcohol Use by Pregnant Women Am J Public Health, February 1, 2007; 97(2): 252 - 258.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. K. Knudsen, L. J. Ducharme, and P. M. Roman Racial and Ethnic Disparities in SSRI Availability in Substance Abuse Treatment Psychiatr Serv, January 1, 2007; 58(1): 55 - 62.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Alegria, N. Mulvaney-Day, M. Woo, M. Torres, S. Gao, and V. Oddo Correlates of Past-Year Mental Health Service Use Among Latinos: Results From the National Latino and Asian American Study Am J Public Health, January 1, 2007; 97(1): 76 - 83.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. M. Hu, A. Kline, F. Y. Huang, and D. M. Ziedonis Detection of Co-Occurring Mental Illness Among Adult Patients in the New Jersey Substance Abuse Treatment System Am J Public Health, October 1, 2006; 96(10): 1785 - 1793.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. E. Grella and J. A. Stein Impact of Program Services on Treatment Outcomes of Patients With Comorbid Mental and Substance Use Disorders Psychiatr Serv, July 1, 2006; 57(7): 1007 - 1015.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. S. Wang, O. Demler, M. Olfson, H. A. Pincus, K. B. Wells, and R. C. Kessler Changing Profiles of Service Sectors Used for Mental Health Care in the United States Am J Psychiatry, July 1, 2006; 163(7): 1187 - 1198.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Unutzer, M. Schoenbaum, B. G. Druss, and W. J. Katon Transforming Mental Health Care at the Interface With General Medicine: Report for the Presidents Commission Psychiatr Serv, January 1, 2006; 57(1): 37 - 47.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. S. Hasin, R. D. Goodwin, F. S. Stinson, and B. F. Grant Epidemiology of Major Depressive Disorder: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions Arch Gen Psychiatry, October 1, 2005; 62(10): 1097 - 1106.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L.-T. Wu and C. Ringwalt Use of Substance Abuse Services by Young Uninsured American Adults Psychiatr Serv, August 1, 2005; 56(8): 946 - 953.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Lewis-Fernandez, A. K. Das, C. Alfonso, M. M. Weissman, and M. Olfson Depression in US Hispanics: Diagnostic and Management Considerations in Family Practice J Am Board Fam Med, July 1, 2005; 18(4): 282 - 296.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Kimerling and N. Baumrind Access to Specialty Mental Health Services Among Women in California Psychiatr Serv, June 1, 2005; 56(6): 729 - 734.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Ell, K. Sanchez, B. Vourlekis, P.-J. Lee, M. Dwight-Johnson, I. Lagomasino, L. Muderspach, and C. Russell Depression, Correlates of Depression, and Receipt of Depression Care Among Low-Income Women With Breast or Gynecologic Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., May 1, 2005; 23(13): 3052 - 3060.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. J. Garlow, D. Purselle, and M. Heninger Ethnic Differences in Patterns of Suicide Across the Life Cycle Am J Psychiatry, February 1, 2005; 162(2): 319 - 323.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. S. Harman, M. J. Edlund, and J. C. Fortney Disparities in the Adequacy of Depression Treatment in the United States Psychiatr Serv, December 1, 2004; 55(12): 1379 - 1385.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Wells, C. Sherbourne, M. Schoenbaum, S. Ettner, N. Duan, J. Miranda, J. Unutzer, and L. Rubenstein Five-Year Impact of Quality Improvement for Depression: Results of a Group-Level Randomized Controlled Trial Arch Gen Psychiatry, April 1, 2004; 61(4): 378 - 386.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. O. Milligan, C. Nich, and K. M. Carroll Ethnic Differences in Substance Abuse Treatment Retention, Compliance, and Outcome From Two Clinical Trials Psychiatr Serv, February 1, 2004; 55(2): 167 - 173.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. D. Dunlop, J. Song, J. S. Lyons, L. M. Manheim, and R. W. Chang Racial/Ethnic Differences in Rates of Depression Among Preretirement Adults Am J Public Health, November 1, 2003; 93(11): 1945 - 1952.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Minsky, W. Vega, T. Miskimen, M. Gara, and J. Escobar Diagnostic Patterns in Latino, African American, and European American Psychiatric Patients Arch Gen Psychiatry, June 1, 2003; 60(6): 637 - 644.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Vitiello, M. A. Burnam, E. G. Bing, R. Beckman, and M. F. Shapiro Use of Psychotropic Medications Among HIV-Infected Patients in the United States Am J Psychiatry, March 1, 2003; 160(3): 547 - 554.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. R. Snowden Bias in Mental Health Assessment and Intervention: Theory and Evidence Am J Public Health, February 1, 2003; 93(2): 239 - 243.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. A. Aguilar-Gaxiola, L. Zelezny, B. Garcia, C. Edmondson, C. Alejo-Garcia, and W. A. Vega Mental Health Care for Latinos: Translating Research Into Action: Reducing Disparities in Mental Health Care for Mexican Americans Psychiatr Serv, December 1, 2002; 53(12): 1563 - 1568.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. H. Kataoka, L. Zhang, and K. B. Wells Unmet Need for Mental Health Care Among U.S. Children: Variation by Ethnicity and Insurance Status Am J Psychiatry, September 1, 2002; 159(9): 1548 - 1555.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. Y. Chen and R.-K. R. Chang Factors Associated With Prescription Drug Expenditures Among Children: An Analysis of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Pediatrics, May 1, 2002; 109(5): 728 - 732.  [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]